ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY NOTES FOR DIPLOMA LEVEL STUDENTS FAST REVISION

  Table of Contents 1. Chapter 1: Definition and Scope 2. Chapter 2: Levels of Organization 3. Chapter 3: Anatomical Terminology 4. Chapter 4: Overview of Body Systems 5. Chapter 5: Homeostasis 6. Chapter 6: Embryology – Introduction Chapter 2: Levels of Organization The human body is organized into a hierarchy of structural levels, each building upon the previous one. This concept helps explain how microscopic events affect overall human health. • Chemical Level: Atoms and molecules form the basis of all living matter. Essential molecules like proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates participate in metabolic reactions. • Cellular Level: Cells are the basic units of structure and function. Each cell has organelles performing specific roles, e.g., mitochondria for energy. • Tissue Level: Tissues are groups of similar cells that perform a specific function. Examples: epithelial tissue (lining), muscle tissue (movement). • Organ Level: Organs are made of two or more tissues working togethe...

  Table of Contents 1. 1. Chapter 1 – Introduction to Human Growth and Development 2. 2. Chapter 2 – Prenatal Development 3. 3. Chapter 3 – Postnatal Development 4. 4. Chapter 4 – Adulthood and Maintenance of Health 5. 5. Chapter 5 – Ageing and Senescence 6. 6. Chapter 6 – Common Age-Related Disorders 7. 7. Chapter 7 – Death and Dying Chapter 1 – Introduction to Human Growth and Development Growth refers to the quantitative increase in body size, mass, or organ dimensions, while development involves qualitative changes, including functional and behavioral maturity. Together, they represent the dynamic processes through which a single-celled zygote becomes a mature human capable of reproduction and adaptation. The stages of human life include prenatal, neonatal, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age. Each stage is influenced by genetic, hormonal, nutritional, and environmental factors. For instance, thyroid and growth hormones regulate physical growth, while environmental s...